ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of mouthwash use on the development of oral cancer. METHODS Observational studies with adult/older adult populations that have examined the association between mouthwash use and oral cancer were included. Electronic search was performed in July 2022, with no time or language restrictions. PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were used, and the search was extended to theses and dissertations libraries, Google Scholar, reference lists, and other sources. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and quantitative data synthesis was performed by random effects meta-analysis, with different subgroup analyses and meta-regression. This revision was registered in Prospero (CRD42020143307). RESULTS Of the 4,094 studies identified in the search, 15 case-control studies were included in the review, totaling 6,515 cases and 17,037 controls. The meta-analysis included 17 measures of effect from 15 case-control studies. The pooled OR was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.79–1.26, n = 17 studies), but it was 2.58 (95%CI: 1.38–4.82, n = 2 studies) among those who had used mouthwashes three times or more times a day, and 1.30 (95%CI: 1.10–1.54, n = 4 studies) among those who had used mouthwashes for more than 40 years. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that a high frequency of mouthwash use may be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. However, despite the biological plausibility for this association, we suggest caution upon interpretation of our findings due to the few number of studies that have investigated the mouthwash use frequency, which should be considered. Therefore, we recommend that future studies assess, in detail, the frequency, duration, and content of mouthwashes to increase the strength of evidence for a possible dose-response effect of mouthwashes on oral cancer risk.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of mouthwash use on the development of oral cancer. METHODS Observational studies with adult/older adult populations that have examined the association between mouthwash use and oral cancer were included. Electronic search was performed in July 2022, with no time or language restrictions. PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were used, and the search was extended to theses and dissertations libraries, Google Scholar, reference lists, and other sources. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and quantitative data synthesis was performed by random effects meta-analysis, with different subgroup analyses and meta-regression. This revision was registered in Prospero (CRD42020143307). RESULTS Of the 4,094 studies identified in the search, 15 case-control studies were included in the review, totaling 6,515 cases and 17,037 controls. The meta-analysis included 17 measures of effect from 15 case-control studies. The pooled OR was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.79–1.26, n = 17 studies), but it was 2.58 (95%CI: 1.38–4.82, n = 2 studies) among those who had used mouthwashes three times or more times a day, and 1.30 (95%CI: 1.10–1.54, n = 4 studies) among those who had used mouthwashes for more than 40 years. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that a high frequency of mouthwash use may be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. However, despite the biological plausibility for this association, we suggest caution upon interpretation of our findings due to the few number of studies that have investigated the mouthwash use frequency, which should be considered. Therefore, we recommend that future studies assess, in detail, the frequency, duration, and content of mouthwashes to increase the strength of evidence for a possible dose-response effect of mouthwashes on oral cancer risk.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists’ income and to identify associated factors in one of the poorest Brazilian states. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study including dentists who volunteered to answer an electronic questionnaire in Maranhão. Hierarchical multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed, estimating crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) (alpha=5%). Results: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the professionals´ income negatively [55.44% (50.26-60.52%)] and also positively [6.9% (4.55-9.94%)]. The negative impact on income was greater among male dentists (OR=2.54; 95%CI: 1.16-5.53), over 30 years of age (OR=3.03; 95%CI: 1.34-6.87), with family income below two minimum wages (OR=4.63; 95%CI: 1.50-14.30), who worked in the continent instead of in the capital island (OR=2.21; 95%CI: 1.14-4.29) and in the private sector (OR=31.43; 95%CI: 11.59-85.22). Moreover, those who had been tested for COVID-19, with a negative result, had a 21.3-fold greater chance of having an increased household income when compared to those who had not been tested. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the dentists’ income in Maranhão, especially the older, males, with lower incomes, and who worked in the private sector, living far from the capital. The SUS played an important role in the social protection of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic, mitigating the economic impacts on the public sector working class.

Abstract Verruciform xanthoma is a rare benign lesion that mainly affects the oral mucosa. This paper aims to report a case of verruciform xanthoma on the hard palate, highlighting its clinical and histological characteristics and the surgical approach. A 62-year-old female patient had a circumscribed, exophytic nodular lesion with a sessile base and papillary surface, whitish at the center and pink in the surroundings, firm and asymptomatic on palpation, with approximately ten years of evolution. Surgical excision was the treatment of choice. The surgical approach was effective in the treatment without recurrence of the lesion after 16 months of follow-up.

Resumo O xantoma verruciforme é uma lesão benigna rara que afeta principalmente a mucosa oral. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de xantoma verruciforme em palato duro, destacando as características clínicas, histológicas e abordagem cirúrgica. A paciente do sexo feminino, de 62 anos, apresentava uma lesão nodular circunscrita, exofítica, de base séssil e superfície papilar, com coloração esbranquiçada ao centro e rósea ao redor, de consistência firme e assintomática à palpação, com aproximadamente dez anos de evolução. A excisão cirúrgica foi o tratamento de eleição. A abordagem cirúrgica apresentou eficácia no tratamento sem ocorrência de recidiva da lesão após 16 meses de acompanhamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família (BFP) en las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal en Brasil entre el 2005 y el 2017, ajustadas por cobertura de atención de salud y características socioeconómicas de las unidades federativas brasileñas. Métodos. Este es un estudio ecológico con datos anuales (2005-2017) de todas las unidades federativas brasileñas. La variable dependiente de este estudio fue la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal, estandarizada por sexo y edad mediante la técnica de estandarización directa. La cobertura del BFP fue la principal variable independiente, calculada como la relación entre el número de beneficiarios del BFP y las familias que podrían tener el derecho a recibir esta transferencia monetaria condicionada. Los antecedentes socioeconómicos y la cobertura de atención de salud fueron covariables. Se trazaron mapas coropléticos y se realizó un análisis con cubos espaciotemporales para evaluar los cambios en la distribución espaciotemporal del BFP y las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal. El análisis de regresión lineal de efectos mixtos calculó los coeficientes (β) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% para la relación entre la cobertura del BFP y las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal. Resultados. Las tendencias de cobertura del BFP aumentaron y las tendencias de la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal se estabilizaron en las unidades federativas brasileñas, excepto en Maranhão, Goiás y Minas Gerais, donde estas tasas aumentaron. En el modelo ajustado, una mayor cobertura del BFP se asoció con tasas más bajas de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal (β –2,10; IC del 95% [–3,291, –0,919]). Conclusiones. Las estrategias igualitarias como el BFP pueden reducir la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal. Recomendamos el seguimiento por parte de los equipos de salud bucodental de las familias que se benefician del programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas para reducir la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de la cavidad bucal.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the effect of coverage of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) on oral cancer mortality rates in Brazil between 2005 and 2017, adjusting for health care coverage and socioeconomic characteristics of the Brazilian federative units. Methods. This is an ecological study using annual data (2005–2017) from all the Brazilian federative units. The dependent variable for this study was the oral cancer mortality rate, standardized by gender and age using the direct standardization technique. BFP coverage was the main independent variable, calculated as the ratio of the number of BFP beneficiaries to those families that should potentially be entitled to this conditional cash transfer. Socioeconomic background and health care coverage were covariables. Choropleth maps were drawn, and space-time cube analysis was used to assess changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of BFP and oral cancer mortality rates. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis estimated the coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between BFP coverage and oral cancer mortality rates. Results. BFP coverage trends increased and oral cancer mortality rate trends stabilized in Brazilian federative units, except for Maranhão, Goiás, and Minas Gerais, where the oral cancer mortality rates have increased. In the adjusted model, greater BFP coverage was associated with lower oral cancer mortality rates (β –2.10; 95% CI [–3.291, –0.919]). Conclusions. Egalitarian strategies such as BFP can reduce the oral cancer mortality rate. We recommend the follow-up of families benefiting from conditional cash transfer program by oral health teams to reduce the oral cancer mortality rate.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito da cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) sobre as taxas de mortalidade por câncer bucal no Brasil entre 2005 e 2017, com ajuste para a cobertura de saúde e as características socioeconômicas das unidades federativas brasileiras. Métodos. Este é um estudo ecológico com base em dados anuais (2005-2017) de todas as unidades federativas brasileiras. A variável dependente foi a taxa de mortalidade por câncer bucal, padronizada por sexo e idade pela técnica de padronização direta. A cobertura do PBF foi a principal variável independente, calculada como a razão entre o número de beneficiários do PBF e de famílias que deveriam ter direito a essa transferência condicionada de renda. O contexto socioeconômico e a cobertura de saúde foram covariáveis. Elaboraram-se mapas coropléticos e usou-se a análise de cubo espaço-temporal para avaliar variações da distribuição espaço-temporal do PBF e das taxas de mortalidade por câncer bucal. A análise por regressão linear de efeitos mistos estimou os coeficientes (β) e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% da associação entre cobertura do PBF e taxas de mortalidade por câncer bucal. Resultados. Houve aumento da tendência de cobertura do PBF e estabilização da tendência da taxa de mortalidade por câncer bucal nas unidades federativas brasileiras, com exceção dos estados de Maranhão, Goiás e Minas Gerais, onde as taxas de mortalidade por câncer bucal aumentaram. No modelo ajustado, a maior cobertura do PBF foi associada a menores taxas de mortalidade por câncer bucal (β -2,10; IC 95% [-3,291, -0,919]). Conclusões. Estratégias igualitárias como o PBF podem reduzir a taxa de mortalidade por câncer bucal. Recomendamos o acompanhamento das famílias beneficiadas por programas de transferência condicionada de renda por equipes de saúde bucal para reduzir a taxa de mortalidade por esse câncer.